| 關 鍵 詞： |
競爭者訴訟；第三人訴訟；訴訟權能；主觀公權利；保護規範理論；衝突調和公式；競爭自由；公營事業；公經濟活動限制三支柱 |
| 中文摘要： |
競爭者訴訟係指「一種藉助於法院之權利救濟途徑，以達影響行政機關所為分配決定或歷程之法律制度」，在體系上被劃歸為「第三人訴訟」之一種次類型。在行政任務私人化、解除管制、開放市場、引進競爭機制等現代行政革新風潮推波助瀾下，競爭者訴訟在經濟行政法領域之應用有日益擴張之趨勢。我國行政法院裁判實務及行政法學說向來雖以「保護規範理論」作為第三人是否具有訴訟權能之判準，然將此等以「個人－國家」垂直對立雙邊行政法律關係為建構基礎之理論，適用在經濟行政法「私人－私人－國家」水平及垂直交錯之多邊衝突法律關係架構上，顯然格格不入、難以操作。就此，德國學界晚近針對多邊衝突行政法律關係特別發展出之保護規範理論操作公式，於判斷原告有無競爭者訴訟之訴訟權能時，即頗值我國行政法理論及實務借鏡。
人民得否提起國庫防禦訴訟，請求法院判命國家終止具競爭影響性之經濟活動，亦屬研究經濟行政法上競爭者訴訟之重要課題。對此問題，德國聯邦行政法院裁判基本上乃呈現出由否定轉至肯定之發展趨勢。我國截至目前為止之訴訟實務雖尚無國庫防禦訴訟裁判之作成，但在公營事業紛紛導入企業化經營模式，並日趨以追求營利為事業目的之現今發展脈絡下，德國法院填補私人競爭者權利救濟缺漏之積極作法，對我國深具啟發性，值供行政法學理及實務參酌。
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| 英文關鍵詞： |
Competitor Litigation；Third-party Actions；Standing (Locus Standi)；Subjective Public Rights；The Doctrine of the Protective Scope of the Norm；The Formula for Conflict Reconciliation；Freedom of Competition；Government Enterprise；The Three Foundations to Restrict Public Economic Activities |
| 英文摘要： |
Competitor litigation is a legal method used to assist the court's decision on resources distribution or progress by administrative organizations. It is categorized under third-party actions. In response to modern administrative innovations such as privatizing administrative tasks, dissolving control, opening markets, and introducing competition mechanisms, competitor litigation has been spreading at an ever in-creasing rate. Taiwanese administrative courts and administrative law scholars consider the doctrine of the protective scope of the norm as the criterion whether a third-party has a standing or not. The doctrine of the protective scope of the norm is based upon the administrative law relationship between the higher status state and the disadvantaged individual. Nevertheless, when applying the theory to the concept of economic administrative law, multiple conflict legal relationships between private-private and private-state entities, seems unwieldy and difficult to operate. Recently, several German scholars came up with an operational formula for the doctrine of the protective scope of the norm. The formula focuses on facing multiple conflict administrative law relationships. The formula is especially worthwhile for our administrative law theories and practices to refer to when judging if the plaintiff of a competitor has a standing or not.
The possibility for the people to file a suit to terminate the state's competing economic activities is also an important issue to study on the competitor litigation in economic administrative law. According to recent judgments of the German Federal Administrative Court, it is possible for the people to file suit against the state's competing economic activities. The freedom of competition in German Basic Law or the public purpose clause for public economic activities in communal law is now considering being the basis of standing for the plaintiff. So far, Taiwan has no made judgment related to such litigation. However, numerous public enterprises have started to use business management as a method to run it themselves, and consider profiting as its final goal. The positive actions made by the German court in order to protect private competitors' rights are well worth studying. It could be useful and inspiring to our administrative law theories and practices.
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| 目 次： |
壹、問題之提出
貳、競爭者訴訟之概念及類型
一、概念說明
（一）競爭關係之存在
（二）行政權之介入
（三）競爭者權利救濟之手段
二、類型
（一）傳統三分法
（二）其他分類方式
（三）小結
參、競爭者訴訟「訴訟權能」認定基準之檢討及發展
一、第三人訴訟之訴訟權能概述
二、保護規範理論在行政法院競爭者訴訟中之應用現況
（一）保護規範理論之內涵及應用困境
（二）行政法院裁判之操作模式
三、保護規範理論在多邊衝突關係下之操作新模型
（一）基本權解釋取向之保護規範理論
（二）衝突調和公式
（三）啟示及導入我國之思考
四、基本權作為競爭者訴訟原告訴訟權能之直接來源？
（一）主觀公權利之雙重依賴性
（二）競爭自由作為競爭者之基本權
肆、不服國家經濟活動之競爭者訴訟
一、國家自為經濟活動本身作為競爭自由之「侵害」？
二、德國各邦地方自治法上之「限制三支柱」規定
（一）二○○二年以前之法院見解
（二）二○○二年以後之法院見解
三、對我國之啟示
伍、結論
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