| 關 鍵 詞： |
聯合行為；市場界定；市場效果；歐盟競爭法；卡特爾 |
| 中文摘要： |
歐盟執委會近幾年對於所謂核心卡特爾的聯合行為，採取雷厲風行之手段，並祭出高額罰鍰。由於此類行為本質上存有明顯限制競爭效果，一旦發生即視為落入 TFEU 第 101 條第 1 項所謂目的為限制競爭協議之態樣，而無須證明該行為是否確實造成市場上限制競爭之效果。在歐盟競爭法實務中，過去十分仰賴執委會的認知與判斷，但近年來歐洲法院卻在判決累積過程中，時有不同見解或更細緻之分析。特別是在目的性限制競爭的情形下，若已認定其行為「目的」在於限制競爭，是否因為無需判斷市場效果，而不須界定相關市場？然而，若不界定市場，是否有違競爭法維護市場競爭之主旨？而若肯認不論是目的性或是效果性限制競爭協議，皆需要市場界定之前提下，對於市場效果之認定，是否亦有不同？特別是在可能視為「目的性限制競爭」協議的情形下，是否需要證明市場效果或如何證明？而對市場效果之影響必須達到多大程度，才應視為對市場產生負面影響？
本文將介紹歐盟相關規範與實務操作，特別是針對近年來較受爭議之目的性限制競爭協議，進一步分析歐盟執委會、歐洲法院對於是否需要市場界定及分析之不同立場，並比較過去幾年見解的更迭遞嬗，以期提供我國未來修法或實務上認事用法的參考依據。
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| 英文關鍵詞： |
Illegal Concerted Actions；Relevant Market；Restriction of Competition；European Competition Law；Cartel |
| 英文摘要： |
The objective of Article 101 of the TFEU is to protect competition in the market as a means of enhancing consumer welfare and ensuring an efficient allocation of resources. Article 101(1) of the TFEU distinguishes between those agreements that have a restriction of competition as their object and those agreements that have a restriction of competition as their effect. This distinction is important. According to the European Commission’s practice, once it has been established that an agreement has as its object the restriction of competition, there is no need to take into account its concrete effects. This is because restrictions of competition by object are those that by their very nature have the potential to restrict competition, and it is not necessary for the purpose of applying the TFEU’s Article 101(1) to demonstrate any actual effects on the market. In other words, if an agreement does not restrict competition by object, it must be examined whether it has restrictive effects on competition, and such negative effects must be appreciable.
However, there have been some clarifications and important interpretations from the recent case law of the European Court of Justice. The Court confirmed that the European Commission needs to abandon its simplistic use of the “by object” restriction in cases that are not obviously harmful to competition and focus on the actual effects of the conduct. This study will explain and analyze the recent developments in European Competition law and practice in order to enrich the interpretation of Article 14 of the Taiwanese Fair Trade Act with respect to concerted actions.
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| 目 次： |
一、前言：市場界定與市場效果之重要性
二、歐盟運作條約第 101 條關於限制競爭協議之規範
（一）TFEU 第 101 條第 1 項及第 2 項：構成要件與態樣
（二）TFEU 第 101 條第 3 項：例外規定與豁免清單
三、相關市場界定與市場效果爭議
（一）歐盟執委會對於相關市場界定與市場效果之認定
（二）歐洲法院判決之轉換與啟發：對「目的性限制競爭協議」必須更細緻分析
四、歐盟限制競爭協議實務發展對我國聯合行為之可能借鏡
五、結論
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