| 關 鍵 詞: |
財產權保障體系;紀念物保護、;文化資產保存法;獎勵;補助;補償 |
| 中文摘要: |
德意志聯邦共和國基本法在其第 14 條保障財產權。土地所有權人受到自然或紀念物保護之拘束,德國聯邦憲法法院一直回答應予補償。1999 年 3 月 2 日德國聯邦憲法法院有關財產保障與紀念物保護(Denkmalschutz)的關係之裁判,明確表示紀念物保護造成人民不可期待的負擔「應給予補償」,以達財產權使用限制與紀念物保護關係之雙方平衡目的。之後,德國萊茵蘭-普法爾茨邦的「紀念物保護和維護法」的修法,對德國聯邦憲法法院裁判作出回應。本文欲就德國聯邦憲法法院裁判以及德國萊茵蘭-普法爾茨邦的「紀念物保護和維護法」之修法,來審視與反思我國文化資產保存法第 9 章所規定的獎勵或補助措施之規定。2016 年 7 月 27 日修正公布的文化資產保存法之規定,未見有其「財產權公益犧牲」(Eigentumsaufopfferug)之法定補償作為配套措施。然而,依 2021 年 12 月 24 日司法院釋字第 813 號解釋之意旨,「土地所有人之特別犧牲者」及「已逾其所應忍受之社會責任範圍」,主管機關應給予相當補償。故受到指定古蹟之行政處分,限制其財產權使用,使其產生「公益犧牲」而受有損失者,行政機關應給予其相當補償。
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| 英文關鍵詞: |
Property Rights Protection System;Monument Protection;Cultural Asset Preservation Law;Incentives;Subsidies;Compensation |
| 英文摘要: |
The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany guarantees property rights in its Article 14. Landowners are bound by the protection of nature or monuments, and the German Federal Constitutional Court has always answered that they should be compensated. On March 2, 1999, the judgment of the German Federal Constitutional Court on the relationship between property protection and monument protection (Denkmalschutz) clearly stated that the people’s unexpected burden caused by the protection of monuments “should be compensated” in order to achieve the restriction of the use of property rights and the protection of monuments. The purpose of balancing the two parties in the protection relationship. Afterwards, the revision of the “Law on the Protection and Maintenance of Monuments” of the Rhineland-Palatinate state in Germany responded to the ruling of the German Federal Constitutional Court. This article intends to inspire and reflect on the provisions of rewards or subsidy measures stipulated in Chapter 9 of the Cultural Assets Preservation Act of our country based on the judgment of the German Federal Constitutional Court and the revision of the “Law on the Protection and Maintenance of Monuments” of the Rhineland-Palatinate State of Germany. The provisions of the Cultural Assets Preservation Law revised and promulgated on July 27, 2016 in the Republic of China did not include the statutory compensation for “public sacrifice of property rights” (Eigentumsaufopferug) as a supporting measure. However, according to the meaning of Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 813 on December 24, 2021, the competent authority should give considerable compensation to “special victims of landowners” and “who have exceeded the scope of their social responsibilities”. Those who suffer losses due to the administrative punishment of the designated monuments, restricting the use of their property rights, and making “public sacrifices” shall be compensated by the administrative agency.
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| 目 次: |
壹、問題之提出 一、問題意識 二、背景說明 貳、德國基本法第 14 條的「徵收補償」之爭議 一、德國基本法第 14 條 二、德國聯邦憲法法院與德國聯邦普通法院的見解歧異 (一)德國聯邦憲法法院的理論 (二)德國聯邦普通法院的界限理論 (三)學說的爭論 三、小結 參、法官造法的「具有徵收效力之侵害」 一、社會背景 二、侵害類型 三、應正名:「財產權公益犧牲請求權」 肆、我國司法院釋字第 813 號解釋之檢視 一、文資法欠缺應給予補償之規定 二、司法院釋字第 813 號解釋之疑問 三、私用逾越應忍受社會義務之特別犧牲 VS. 私有公用形同財產權剝奪 (一)私用逾越應忍受社會義務之特別犧牲 (二)私有公用形同財產權剝奪 (三)小結:兩者之區別 四、我國特別法及相關司法院釋字解釋之實踐 (一)德國“應給予補償的”「財產權內容-限制的法律規定」之精神,與我國法律相同之證明 (二)德國「財產權的特別犧牲應給予補償」之精神,與我國司法院釋字相同之證明 (三)釋字第 813 號解釋大法官協同意見書關於應予補償之財產權限制或徵收之區別部分 伍、代結論-文資法中之古蹟指定係「應為補償規定」的法律漏洞,不同於獎勵或補助施
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