| 關 鍵 詞： |
緊急避難；容許；排它性許可；體系內的阻卻違法事由；必要性；承諾；Raz；正當防衛 |
| 中文摘要： |
牛津道德哲學家 Joseph Raz 在《實踐理由與規範》一書中將行動理由區分為一階理由和二階理由，Raz並將後者稱為排它性理由－「不依某個理由行動的二階理由」。這種分析被用來劃分阻卻違法事由，如必要性、正當防衛、容許與緊急避難等。
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| 英文關鍵詞： |
Collision of Duties；Consent；Exclusionary Permission；Intrasystematic Justification；Necessity；Permission；Raz, Self-defense |
| 英文摘要： |
In his book "Practical Reason and Norms", the Oxford legal philosopher Joseph Raz distinguishes between first-order reasons and second-order reasons. He also refers to the latter as exclusionary reasons to refrain from acting for some first-order-reason. This analytical distinction is used to classify justification grounds such as necessity, self-defense, consent and collision of duties.
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| 目 次： |
壹、導論
貳、「排它性許可」（Raz）
參、阻卻違法事由的兩種範疇
肆、結論：將阻卻違法事由區分為兩種範疇（沒）有何作用
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