| 關 鍵 詞： |
品種權；邊境管制；品種權侵害；關稅法；智慧財產權保護 |
| 中文摘要： |
本文探討植物品種權之邊境管制措施。日本與我國同為小農結構，皆面臨品種外流與回銷等困境，品種權侵權判斷亦同樣不易。日本自 2003 年起已將育成者權（我國稱品種權）納入關稅法之邊境管制體系，配合種苗法建立相關制度，更在 2020 年修法強化育成者權保護。然而，我國目前智慧財產權邊境管制措施存在諸多規範扞格：不僅各法之查扣規定不一致、法條用語不協調，在資訊提供、樣品採集及保證金等制度亦有所歧異。本文分析日本邊境管制制度之基本思維及配套措施，包括專業鑑定支援體系、針對受品種權保護標的易腐壞特性之考量等，發現在考慮將品種權納入邊境管制前，我國應先檢討現行智慧財產權邊境管制規範之一致性及其立法目的，釐清是援用現有規範抑或透過特別法進行統一規範。同時應對權利人使用意願、海關執行量能、專業判斷支援等實務議題進行評估，並建立從訴訟前到訴訟後之完整權利保護體系，而非僅著重於邊境管制機制之建立考慮。
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| 英文關鍵詞： |
Plant Variety Rights；Border Measures；Infringement of Plant Variety Rights；Customs Law；Intellectual Property Rights |
| 英文摘要： |
This paper examines border measures for the protection of the plant variety rights. Both Japan and Taiwan share similar agricultural structures dominated by small farmers, facing challenges of variety outflow and illegal re-importation, with similar challenges in determining variety rights infringement. Since 2003, Japan has incorporated plant variety rights into its Customs Law enforcement system, established relevant mechanisms in coordination with the Seed and Seedling Law, and further strengthened variety rights protection through the 2020 amendment. However, Taiwan’s current intellectual property rights border measures contain various regulatory inconsistencies: not only are seizure regulations inconsistent across different IP laws and legal terminology uncoordinated, but disparities also exist in information on the counterfeit goods, inspection, and security bond systems. Through analyzing Japan’s customs measures’ fundamental principles and supporting mechanisms, including professional identification support systems and considerations for the perishable nature of plant variety rights-protected subjects, this study finds that before considering incorporating variety rights into border measures, Taiwan should first review the consistency and legislative purposes of its current intellectual property rights border measures regulations, clarifying whether to adopt existing regulations or implement unified regulations through special legislation. Additionally, practical issues such as rights holders’ willingness to use the system, customs enforcement capacity, and professional judgment support should be evaluated, while simultaneously establishing a comprehensive rights protection system from pre-litigation to post-litigation, rather than focusing solely on establishing border measures.
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| 目 次： |
壹、前言：植物品種權之特性與邊境管制措施
貳、日本植物品種權邊境管制制度之沿革與現況
一、植物品種邊境管制之國際規範脈絡
二、日本種苗法與關稅法邊境管制措施的立法沿革
三、關稅法體系下之邊境管制措施：查扣程序與執行機制
四、種苗法規範下之邊境管制配套：權利行使與標示義務
五、制度運作之實務挑戰
參、我國智慧財產權邊境管制現況與品種權適用之檢討
一、智慧財產權邊境管制措施之規範架構
二、智慧財產權邊境管制規範之侷限
肆、從日本法制反思我國植物品種權邊境管制措施之未來發展
一、日本與我國邊境管制制度之比較
二、制度設計與執行配套之強化建議
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